Humans are bipedal primates belonging to the species Homo sapiens in Hominidae, the great ape family. They are the only surviving member of the genus Homo. Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the arms for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species. Mitochondrial DNA and fossil evidence indicates that modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago.Humans now inhabit every continent and low Earth orbit, with a total population of 6.8 billion as of November 2009Like most higher primates, humans are social by nature. However, humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. Humans have a marked appreciation for beauty and aesthetics which, combined with the human desire for self-expression, has led to cultural innovations such as art, literature and music.
Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate natural phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills, which are passed down culturally; humans are the only extant species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and use numerous other technologies.
Contents
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Evolution
2.2 Paleolithic
2.3 Transition to civilization
3 Habitat and population
4 Biology
4.1 Anatomy
4.2 Physiology
4.3 Genetics
4.4 Life cycle
4.5 Diet
4.6 Sleep
5 Psychology
5.1 Consciousness and thought
5.2 Motivation and emotion
5.3 Sexuality and love
6 Culture
6.1 Language
6.2 Spirituality and religion
6.3 Philosophy and self-reflection
6.4 Art, music, and literature
6.5 Tool use and technology
6.6 Race and ethnicity
6.7 Society, government, and politics
6.8 War
6.9 Trade and economics
7 References
8 External links