Earthquake

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. An earthquake also known as a tremor or tembl or is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacing the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
Earthquakes will occur anywhere within the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. In the case of transform or convergent type plate boundaries, which form the largest fault surfaces on earth, they will move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the boundary that increase the frictional resistance. Most boundaries do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Once the boundary has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the Elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.

Education

Education in its broadest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.
Teachers in educational institutions direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects, including reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. This process is sometimes called schooling when referring to the education of teaching only a certain subject, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is also education in fields for those who want specific vocational skills, such as those required to be a pilot. In addition there is an array of education possible at the informal level, such as, in museums and libraries, with the Internet and in life experience.
The right to education has been described as a basic human right,since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.The importance of education is quite clear. Education is the knowledge of putting one's potentials to maximum use. One can safely say that a human being is not in the proper sense till he is educated.
This importance of education is basically for two reasons. The first is that the training of a human mind is not complete without education. Education makes man a right thinker. It tells man how to think and how to make decision.
The second reason for the importance of education is that only through the attainment of education, man is enabled to receive information from the external world; to acquaint himself with past history and receive all necessary information regarding the present. Without education, man is as though in a closed room and with education he finds himself in a room with all its windows open towards outside world.

Music

Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses".
The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts", music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art.
To many people in many cultures music is an important part of their way of life. Greek philosophers and ancient Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound."According to musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez, "the border between music and noise is always culturally defined—which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus.... By all accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be, except that it is 'sound through time'.

Sport

Sport is an activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively. Sports commonly refer to activities where the physical capabilities of the competitor are the sole or primary determinant of the outcome (winning or losing), but the term is also used to include activities such as mind sports (a common name for some card games and board games with little to no element of chance) and motor sports where mental acuity or equipment quality are major factors. Sport is commonly defined as an organized, competitive and skillful physical activity requiring commitment and fair play. Some view sports as differing from games based on the fact that there are usually higher levels of organization and profit (not always monetary) involved in sports. Accurate records are kept and updated for most sports at the highest levels, while failures and accomplishments are widely announced in sport news.
The term sports is sometimes extended to encompass all competitive activities in which offense and defense are played, regardless of the level of physical activity. Both games of skill and motor sport exhibit many of the characteristics of physical sports, such as skill, sportsmanship, and at the highest levels, even professional sponsorship associated with physical sports.
Sports that are subjectively judged are distinct from other judged activities such as beauty pageants and bodybuilding shows, because in the former the activity performed is the primary focus of evaluation, rather than the physical attributes of the contestant as in the latter (although "presentation" or "presence" may also be judged in both activities).
Sports are most often played just for fun or for the simple fact that people need exercise to stay in good physical condition.
Although they do not always succeed, sports participants are expected to display good sportsmanship, standards of conduct such as being respectful of opponents and officials, and congratulating the winner when losing.

Stories of Manang

Manang district lies in the western part of Nepal, which covers an area of 2246sq km( 1,395 square miles). It is one of the remotest districts of the country, rich in culture and nature, making it a major trekking destination in the Himalaya. The region falls on the famed Annapurna Circuit trek and is visited by more than 14,000 trekkers annually.Servals districts border it including Gorkha to the east, Lamjung to the southeast, Kaski to the south, Myagdi to the southwest, Mustang to the west, and the Tibet Autonomous region to the north in china. Manang district is part of the Annapurna conservation Area.Most of Manang district is high, arid, and isolated. it sits in the rain shadow on the northern side of the Himalaya and enjoys a much drier climate than other areas of Nepal on the southern slopes of the mountains.

• Geography

• Rivers and Lakes

• Major Settlements

• Mountains

• Flora and Fauna


Geography

Physically, the district is divided into three distinct regions namely:
Nyeshang Valley
Gyalsumdo Valley and
Nar Phu Valley.

Nyeshang Valley is the Tibetan name for the largest of the three region, the 'upper'Manang Valley. The name derives from an area of Tibet called Shang. It stretches from the villages of Pisang at the lower east end to Khangsar at the upper west end. Nyeshang is the Largest valley of Manang district. It is also the location of the original three villages of Manang, namely Ngawal and Ghyaru, Braga, and Manang village. The Nepali government kept the upper Manang valley above the village of Chame closed to outsides until 1977. This was partly because Tibetan Khampa guerrillas were using the valley as a base from which to fight the chinese. A violent and lengthy feud between the villages of upper Manang also made travel in the valley risky. The people from upper Manang are Nyeshang -ten and the language Nyeshangte.

Gyasumdo is the southeastern- most and lowest region in Manang abd is often called'lower Manang'. It stretches from the villages of Thonje to Brathang. Gyaasumdo means the 'meeting place of the three trails' referring to the tracks along the three Kholas(rivers), the Marshyangdi Khola, the dudh Khola, and the Nar Khola. gyasumdo is where people meet when travelling from Lamjung, Tibet, and upper Manang. Gyasumdo, meaning they 'sit'in Gyasumdo.

Nar is remote and rugged, and therefore, very difficult to reach. There are two routes into NAr. One begins in the canyon across from the villagge of Koto, and the other is over the Kang - La pass above the village of Ngawal. This region has only two main villages, the lower Nar village, and the upper Phu. Both are at extremely high elevations. sometimes the area is called Nar- Phu. People from Nar are Nar-Ten.

Stories of Nar

Nar is the most remote region of Manang District. It has of only two main villages, Nar and Phu. Nar is the only remaining area in Manang District with restricted aceess, and was only recently opened to a limited number of outside visitors every year.Nar village is also called Chuprong. the name comes from narsang meaning 'the place of the blue sheep'. The villagers are known as Nar- ten and the village is located up the Nar Khola towards Kang- La Pass.
Many generations ago a young hunter from Mustang wounded a blue sheep and tracted it over the mountains into the Nar valley. He wwondered if the land was suitable to farm, so he planted some barley from his pocket, vowing to settle there if it grew. He returned to Mustang but came back a year later and saw that the barley had ripened. so, he built the first settlement of NAr village. He married a girl from Chaku, a place in Tibet, and many of her relatives migrated to Nar. They lived in the village of Chgaku and Meta.
Phu is from phusang meaning 'the head of the valley' and is located up the Phu Khola. villagers from Phu are Phu- ten. Both Nar village and Phu are above the tree line and completely cut off during the snowy winter months.Residents of Phu live by herding yak and trading meat, wool and hides. In the summer they grow barley. During the long winter many travel to the middle hills of Nepal to trade. Jimbu, a high- altitude chive very popular in Nepali cooking grows.
The original Phu village was a walled citadel a top a bluff. It had one thick wooden door, bolted shut at night against maravders from Tibet. In recent years, residents of Phu moved out of the old village and built more comfortable houses along the hillside. Residents move down to the lower and warner village of Kyang during the winter months. Phu is Tso Karnak, a magic lake. Karnak means 'black and white'. the lake reflects the images of things, people, and places in dreams and wishes. Phu- ten used to prohibit outsides from visiting the lake, believing that they would contaminate it and take away the precious stones and images found in it.
there is a story that early in the 1900s the Jumla Raja invaded NAr Valley with an army, after travelling up through Lamjung district.The Jumla soldiers killed all the inhabitants of Chgaku and Meta in s fierce battle. Seeing this, the villagers of Nar Village pleaded with thier lama to save them from the same fate. It was winter so the lama caste a spell causing an avalanche to fall from the Kang Guru Mountain, blocking the path of the advancinfg army and killing many soldiers. This saved the people of Nar village. In another story, disease killed the residents of Meta, and Nar village only escaped the plague because it was so isolated.
The village ruins of Chgaku later became a Khampa guerilla camp. Today Chgaku is again deserted, but Meta is partially inhabited. In Phu, there is a monastery constructed by Lama Urgen Lhundup Gyatso, also known as Lama Khyedu Karma Lopsang, called the Tashi Lakhang. In Buddhism, the number 108 gompua throughout the Himalaya and Tashi Lakhang, which means' the blessed house of gods', was the 108th and last gompa he constructed. Tashi Lakhang eventually became the main Kargyupa gompa in Manang district and, along with the Braga Gompa and the Bodzo Gompa, is at the heart Ghale and Manangpa spiritual life.

Television (TV)

Television is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission. The word is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots, meaning "far sight".Commercially available since the late 1930s, the television set has become a common communications receiver in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a source of entertainment and news. Since the 1970s the availability of video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs, have resulted in the television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast material.
Although other forms such as closed-circuit television are in use, the most common usage of the medium is for broadcast television, which was modeled on the existing radio broadcasting systems developed in the 1920s, and uses high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the television signal to individual TV receivers.
Broadcast TV is typically disseminated via radio transmissions on designated channels in the 54–890 megahertz frequency band.Signals are now often transmitted with surround sound in many countries. Until the 2000s broadcast TV programs were generally recorded and transmitted as an analog signal, but in recent years public and commercial broadcasters have been progressively introducing digital television broadcasting technology.
A standard television set comprises multiple internal electronic circuits, including those for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is properly called a monitor, rather than a television. A television system may use different technical standards such as digital television and high-definition television (HDTV). Television systems are also used for surveillance, industrial process control, and guiding of weapons, in places where direct observation is difficult or dangerous.
Amateur television is also used for experimentation, pleasure and public service events by amateur radio operators. Ham TV stations were on the air in many cities before commercial TV stations came on the air.
Today it is very common in industrialised countries for a household to have at least one television. In fact, it is so common that it is difficult to imagine a household without TV. This shows just how significant television is to us, but we can see that its importance is far greater than just being an object we own if we look at the variety of programmes and valuable content it offers and the purposes it serves in daily life. First of all, there are many different types of programmes on television that are useful. The viewer can watch a weather report to prepare for the day. Cartoons and sport provide relaxation and fun. School programmes, documentaries and the news teach us about the world. And advertisements inform us about products and new ideas. TV can be used to enhance many important aspects of everyday life. People seek entertainment and distraction, and TV can give us that in the form of films or cartoons. People want education, information and instruction because they are inquisitive and like to learn. TV gives us these in documentaries or educational programmes, in reports or cultural magazines. People enjoy creativity, and TV gives us that in the work of all the people involved in creating clever film scripts, effective scenery, witty dialogues or magnificent camera shots. TV gives us the world, other cultures, other people, languages and ideas. It introduces us to knowledge. we have seen, television offers us a wide range of valuable programmes and content and serves many purposes in our daily lives. Television not only provides many types of programmes with interesting and broad content, but also serves to fulfil our needs in terms of entertainment and knowledge.